Review of existing faecal indicator organism (FIO) models and future integration opportunities
This project looked at how modelling can help better understand where E. coli and other faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in Scotland’s rivers, coastal waters and shellfish areas are coming from. These pollutants can originate from several sources — including livestock, wildlife, septic tanks and wastewater systems — and their behaviour is strongly influenced by rainfall and hydrology. Monitoring alone cannot show which sources are most important, especially during short‑lived events such as storms.